Ruby
Originated from silicate.It is transparent and bright red.The best grena comes from India.
Lapizlazuli
It is a dark blue stone with golden brightness.Originated from India and Afghanistan.It had been commonly used at ancient Egypt.
Quartz
These kind of stones had been commonly used at ancient ages.It consists of transparent crystals.
Amatist
Its color varies from dark purple to light lilac , originated from manganase oxyde.Had been used to produce ring stones and beads.
Foggy quartz
A solid , blackish brown or brownish gray stone. It is also transparent.Consists of quartz and silicone.
Rock crystal
Natural quartz containing crystaline.It is transparent and colorless.Found in Catalca , Kazagi and Karacadag in Turkey
Agate
Nature produces the agate from the sedimentations of silica waters.The layers get thicker towards the centre.And these stones are named regarding to their transparency.
These agates have various colors.They are generally used for producing beads.
If the colored bands of the agate is separated with strong lines , this kind of agate is called "oniks".This has black and white bands.
Its color is usually skin red. But the color is varied from yellowish red to reddish brown. The stone is semi-transparent ,solid and not fragile.Darkens itself when it meets heat.
Saphire
Originated from corundum. It is transparent. Blue saphire contains ferro oxyde and titanium. It is solid and had been commonly used at the Roman Age.
Topaz
It is solid and transparent. It contains aluminium silicate. Its color varies from yellow to orange. It had been begun to be used at the Roman Age.
Turmalin
It is transparent.It has dark shades. When heated , it turns to a reddish color. It had been commonly used at the Middle Age.
Ruby
It is transparent. Its color varies from pink to dark red. Originated from Far East.
Emerald
Derived from beryl. It is also transparent and its color varies from pale green to dark green. As Plinius had said , emarald had been the third precious stone after diamond and pearl . It had been originated from Ural Mountains.It had been commonly used to produce golden jewels.Due to it itself had been expensive , fake emeralds had been produced at the Roman Age.It needs to use magnifying glass in order to distinguish the fake one and the precious one.The fake ones contain bubbles.At the ancient ages , these stones had been cut with a style called "cabochon". And the stone had been polished too much through this way.
Organic tools
Ivory
It can be used to produce rings , bracelets and beads. Also it had been used at the furnitures and some luxorious goods.Is brought from India and East Africa.
Bone
It is very solid.It had been a good material to produce bracelets ,beads , stings and pendulums.
Amber
It is a resin fossil. Nearly two thousand years ago , Plinius had described amber as "liquid oozing from pine". It is opaque and reddish brown.It has a semi-transparent nature.
Pearl
Pearl is not to be polished and cut. Is found in Basra Gulf and India. It is used as beads for pearl jewels.Fake pearls are made from glass. Pearl is not a lasting thing. It had been recognised as one of the most precious jewels.
Sea shells
Shell of a sea snail , symbolizes blessing. It had been used as money at some regions of Africa and Asia.
Coral
It is a solid limestone.These are skeletons of octopus.At the earlier ages , pink , white and red corals had been used. Red and white corels are much more precious.Pipe corals are found in Black Sea.Fossile coral beads had been found in Catalhoyuk..
Inorganic semi-precious stones
Semi-precious stones have two main functions.One of them is , to be used ring stone for golden and silver jewels , another one is, to be used as bead , seal , neckless pendulum or bracelet.In addition , at the earlier times , it was also believed that such stones had a mysterious power and magic.
The oldest samples concerning the usage of semi-precious stones with gold , had been found at Alacahoyuk. Agate beads had been used with gold.
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